End-stage kidney failure (ESRF/ESRD) is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, when the kidneys can no longer filter toxins or regulate essential functions. At this point, survival depends on dialysis or a kidney transplant.

Once seen mainly in older adults, kidney failure is now affecting younger people. A recent case of a Vietnamese actress under 30 shocked many, but doctors warn her situation isn’t rare. “Kidney failure is getting younger,” nephrologists say, and much of it is preventable. Two main causes? Poor diet and lack of exercise.

Many young adults rely on protein-heavy diets and processed foods, which strain the kidneys. “High-protein” intake increases urea and uric acid levels, leading to kidney stones and damage. A 2020 study linked “high-sodium, low-potassium diets to kidney decline—even in healthy young adults.”

Inactivity also plays a major role. A 2023 study showed that sedentary behavior speeds up kidney function loss. Obesity, high blood pressure, and diabetes—often caused by inactivity—are key kidney risk factors.

Kidney failure symptoms are subtle at first, but may include fatigue, nausea, itching, swelling, and shortness of breath. Preventive steps include a balanced diet, exercise, hydration, blood sugar and pressure control, and avoiding smoking and alcohol.