HPV, or human papillomavirus, is the most common sexually transmitted infection, with the CDC estimating that “nearly 80% of sexually active people” will get it at some point. Many don’t realize they’re infected because it often causes no early symptoms, yet certain strains can lead to genital warts, cervical cancer, and other cancers.

HPV includes over 150 related viruses spread mainly through intimate skin-to-skin contact. Low-risk types may cause warts, while high-risk types like HPV-16 and HPV-18 are linked to most HPV-related cancers. Because the virus often goes unnoticed, regular screenings — such as Pap smears — are crucial.

When symptoms appear, they may include small, flesh-colored bumps (genital warts), abnormal Pap smear results, or, rarely, respiratory issues. Advanced infections can cause unusual bleeding, lumps, persistent sore throat, or pain during sex. Both men and women can pass on HPV even without symptoms.

Risk factors include multiple partners, unprotected sex, a weakened immune system, other STIs, and smoking. There’s no cure, but warts, abnormal cells, and related cancers can be treated. Prevention includes the HPV vaccine, safe sex, screenings, and healthy lifestyle habits.

HPV is common and preventable — knowing the signs and getting timely care can make a life-saving difference.