Acne, or acne vulgaris, is a common long-term skin condition caused when “dead skin cells and oil from the skin clog hair follicles.” It often appears as blackheads, whiteheads, pimples, and oily skin, sometimes leaving scars. The face, chest, and back are most affected. Beyond the physical symptoms, acne can impact mental health, leading to “lack of confidence, anxiety, reduced self-esteem, and, in extreme cases, depression.”

Genetics play the biggest role, with studies showing “susceptibility to acne is primarily genetic in 80% of cases.” While people often blame diet or smoking, their influence remains unclear. Cleanliness or sunlight exposure also have no proven link.

Hormones, particularly androgens, drive much of the condition. They stimulate sebaceous glands, which “cause increased production of sebum,” creating the perfect environment for acne to develop.

Another factor is bacterial growth. The skin naturally hosts Cutibacterium acnes, but when it multiplies excessively, it worsens inflammation and breakouts.

In short, acne is not simply about hygiene or lifestyle—it is mainly influenced by genetics, hormones, and bacteria, making it a complex condition with both physical and emotional effects.